I'm no scholar by a long shot, and I certainly don't have the answers, but I do have a theory based on experience...unadulterated greed!
eg: 2(?) yrs ago, we went looking for a new baking dish.
Tried shop (A), being part of a 'chain' store - $5X
Tried shop (B), not part of a chain store - $16
EXACT same baking dish, exact same wrapping with exact same writing, exact same baking rack, exact same size!
A quick exercise in economics.
If you buy in bulk - like Shop A - the manufacturer offers you a discount. You can then sell at a price that undercuts retailers who don't buy in bulk - like Shop B.
If you are Shop A, you can also set employment conditions that allow you to pay the lowest possible rate to your employees, and you can negotiate cheaper rent terms due to your status as a 'chain' store.
If you are Shop B, you are probably paying the going rate to your employees, because you don't have a massive legal/financial company assisting you in finding loopholes to 'adjust' your conditions of employment for maximum gain, and you might also just pay the going rate because you care about your employees.
If you are Shop A, warranty returns are no big deal. Your buying power means that you negotiated special terms with your suppliers, who really really want the business you can offer, and so who offered to take on the hassle of managing warranty problems.
If you are Shop B, you need to manage the whole warranty issue from start to finish. Every minute you spend on a warranty issue is a minute spent not working on maximising profit.
If you are Shop A, advertising/tax issues/HR issues/training/compliance are all covered by the money you send back to the parent company (the only downside of being part of a chain), and you don't need to lift a finger.
If you are Shop B, all costs are yours and yours alone.
I grew up in an independent hardware store and saw all of this first-hand, including the first Bunnings and everything that went on from there.
My parents made it work with good old fashioned service, and they did well from their semi-rural town store despite the damage that the rise of chain stores was doing all over the country to small businesses. All credit to them (Tahmoor Hardware, if anyone is curious).
You don't manufacture in Asia for any other reason than to dramatically reduce production costs, particularly Labour at the cost of local jobs.
If you take jobs off shore and do it as covertly as possible to retain the public perception it's still an Australian made product....why should you be rewarded by getting away with australian made retail prices.
Agreed when it comes to the rationale of offshoring. They move production overseas simply because the production cost and the retail price simply don't make sense anymore from a profit perspective - the idea of business being to make money - so to preserve the retail price they need to cut the production cost.
The alternative is to put the retail price up. So would you rather continue to pay the same price, or a higher price? because that quite simply is the choice faced.
A business that chooses the latter is smashed by imports, and goes under - instead of 100 people from a 150-strong workforce losing their jobs, all 150 go, and so does the expertise.
Which is prefereable under such a system? and make no bones about it, this is the system we have now. There's no alternative. And the fact that there's no alternative is entirely due to people wanting to pay less.
Eventually there will be no alternative to the no alternative, if you get the drift - once everything is made o/s, it is o/s who will set the terms. Just like what will happen when Coles and Woolies force us into their own-brand for everything - with no competion, $1/litre milk will become $2/litre milk overnight. And the punters will only have themselves to blame.
(for the record, I buy Maleny Dairies milk, it helps keep me broke but I sleep well at night)